![]() ![]() ![]() The Lichess platform uses the Glicko-2 system to rate players (see Data section). We chose Blitz games since this format is the most played online. In this study, we consider the bipartite network of chess players and chess openings, that we built using games played on the online chess platform 15 with a Blitz time control (see Data section). The vast number of different playable games, estimated by C. E. Shannon to be around \(10^=0\) otherwise. Other studies have focused on chess players’ ratings and their evolution 7, 8 as well as the popular level learning of the game 9. 6 showed that skilled players can be distinguished based on their gaming behavior, and the opening diversity of players tends to decrease over time, with the emergence of individual playing styles. 2, 3, 4 have shown that chess openings follow Heaps’ and Zipf’s laws, two statistical regularities that are often considered the footprint of complexity 5. The advent of the internet and online chess platforms has allowed for the analysis of vast amounts of data using the tools of statistical physics and complex systems. The popularity of chess has also garnered attention from the scientific community, with early theoretical studies dating back to C. E. Shannon 1. Despite this, people have not lost interest in chess but instead have started using computers to further improve their understanding of the game. Additionally, the iconic match between world champion Garry Kasparov and IBM supercomputer Deep Blue, won by the latter, established the superiority of the computer over the human mind in computational problems, marking a milestone in the history of artificial intelligence. Considered by many to be one of the noblest intellectual arts, chess has played a significant role in human history, including the competition for intellectual supremacy between the Soviet Union and the United States, as seen in the 1972 world championship match between Bobby Fisher and Boris Spassky. Today, 1500 years later, it boasts over 600 million regular players worldwide ( ). Our study not only provides a new perspective on chess analysis but also opens the possibility of suggesting personalized opening recommendations using complex network theory.Ĭhess has captivated countless individuals since its inception in the 6th century. We then apply the Economic Fitness and Complexity algorithm to measure the difficulty of openings and players’ skill levels. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the relatedness network can be used to forecast future openings players will start to play, with back-tested predictions outperforming a random predictor. Using this network, we identify communities of nodes corresponding to the most common opening choices and their mutual relationships. We first define a relatedness network of chess openings that quantifies how similar two openings are to play. In this paper, we use the games played in an online chess platform to exploit the “wisdom of the crowd” and answer questions traditionally tackled only by chess experts. ![]() Opening Theory is one of the pillars of chess and requires years of study to be mastered. This opening often leads to a victory for one side or the other, and with black having more counterplay than a usual Sicilian, it’s a favourite for players looking to have more fun in their games.Chess is a centuries-old game that continues to be widely played worldwide. The full variation for the Godiva Variation is e4 c5 Nf3 Nc6 d4 cxd4 Nxd5 Qb6.īy bringing the queen out early in this defence for black, you’re instantly threatening the underdefended knight on d4 and you’re baiting your opponent to play Be3 and weaken the b2 square. It begins with e4 c5 and usually continues with Nf3 Nc6. The Sicilian Defense is a favourite for aggressive chess players playing black. The Rosentreter Gambit, in particular, can be fun for players, as black instantly attacks on the kingside while white is comfortable with the two central pawns. It’s a fun opening for chess players looking for something new to answer e4 e5 with.įor new players, this opening is good because it uses some elements of the Queen’s Gambit, an opening most players learn early on.
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